"The Federal Home Loan Bank Board Building, which houses the main office of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in Washington, D.C. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the Department of Justice responsible for the care, custody, and control of incarcerated individuals. ==History== The federal prison system had existed for more than 30 years before the Bureau was established. Although its wardens functioned almost autonomously, the Superintendent of Prisons, a Department of Justice official in Washington, was nominally in charge of federal prisons, starting with the passage of the "Three Prisons Act' in 1891, which authorized the first three federal penitentiaries: USP Leavenworth, USP Atlanta, and USP McNeil Island with limited supervision by the Department of Justice. Until 1907, prison matters were handled by the Justice Department General Agent, with responsibility for Justice Department accounts, oversight of internal operations, and certain criminal investigations, as well as prison operations. In 1907, the General Agent was abolished, and its functions were distributed between three new offices: the Division of Accounts (which evolved into the Justice Management Division); the Office of the Chief Examiner (which evolved in 1908 into the Bureau of Investigation, and in the early 1920s into the Federal Bureau of Investigation); and the Office of the Superintendent of Prisons and Prisoners, later called the Superintendent of Prisons (which evolved in 1930 into the Bureau of Prisons). The exterior of Federal Correctional Institution, Milan The Bureau of Prisons was established within the Department of Justice in 1930, by the United States Congress, and was charged with the "management and regulation of all Federal penal and correctional institutions." This responsibility covered the administration of the 11 federal prisons in operation at the time. By the end of 1930, the system had expanded to 14 institutions with 13,000 inmates, and a decade later in 1940, the system had 24 institutions with 24,360 incarcerated. The state of Alaska assumed jurisdiction over its corrections on January 3, 1959, using the Alaska Department of Corrections. Prior to statehood, the BOP had correctional jurisdiction over Alaska."History of Lemon Creek Correctional Center" (Archive). Alaska Department of Corrections. Retrieved on December 13, 2015. As a result of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 and subsequent legislation which pushed for longer sentences, less judicial discretion, and more harsh sentences for drug-related offenses, the federal inmate population doubled in the 1980s and again in the 1990s. The population increase has decelerated since the early 2000s but the federal inmate population continues to grow. The National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997 transferred responsibility for adult felons convicted of violating District of Columbia laws to the Bureau. ==Administration and employees== The current director of the Bureau of Prisons is Michael Carvajal. As of 2020, 62.5% of Bureau employees are white, 21.3% are black, 12.6% are Hispanic, 2.3% are Asian and 1.3% are Native American. 72% are male. There is roughly one corrections officer for every 10 prisoners. All Bureau employees undergo 200 hours of formal training in their first year of employment and an additional 120 hours of training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC) in Glynco, Georgia. ==Types of federal prisons== The United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners, a unit for male prisoners requiring medical care. The Bureau has five security levels: * Federal Prison Camps (FPCs), the BOP minimum-security facilities, feature a lack of or a limited amount of perimeter fencing, and a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio. * Low-security Federal Correctional Institutions (FCIs) have double-fenced perimeters, and inmates live in mostly cubicle or dormitory housing. * Medium-security FCIs and some United States Penitentiaries (USPs) are classified to hold medium- security inmates. The medium facilities have strengthened perimeters, which often consist of double fences with electronic detection systems. Medium- security facilities mostly have cell housing. * Most U.S. Penitentiaries are classified as high-security facilities. The perimeters, highly secured, often have reinforced fences or walls. * Federal Correctional Complexes (FCCs) are co-locations of BOP facilities with different security levels and/or genders."Prison Types & General Information ." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved May 21, 2010. * Administrative Security Facilities are prisons with special missions and capabilities. An example would be Federal Medical Centers which house sick and injured inmates getting medical care which is beyond the capabilities of a normal institution. Some units have small, adjacent, minimum-security "satellite camps". Twenty-eight institutions hold female inmates. about 15% of Bureau inmates are in facilities operated by third parties, mostly private companies, whilst others are in local and state facilities. Some are in privately operated Residential Reentry Centers (RRC) (or Community Corrections Centers). The Bureau uses contract facilities to manage its own prison population because they are "especially useful" for housing low-security, specialized groups of people, such as sentenced criminal aliens."CI Rivers Contact Information." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved January 12, 2010. ==Inmate population== { class=" sortable mw- collapsible" align="right" + - ! scope="col" FY ! scope="col" Population ! scope="col" Change - 2000 145,125 +11,436 - 2001 156,572 +11,447 - 2002 163,436 +6,864 - 2003 172,499 +9,063 - 2004 179,895 +7,396 - 2005 187,394 +7,499 - 2006 192,584 +5,190 - 2007 200,020 +7,436 - 2008 201,668 +1,648 - 2009 208,759 +7,091 - 2010 210,227 +1,468 - 2011 217,768 +7,541 - 2012 218,687 +919 - 2013 219,298 +611 - 2014 214,149 -5,149 - 2015 205,723 -8,426 - 2016 192,170 -13,553 - 2017 185,617 -6,553 - 2018 181,698 -3,919 - 2019 177,214 -4,484 - } , the Bureau was responsible for approximately 170,400 inmates, in 122 facilities. 58.2% of inmates were white, 38% were black, 2.3% native American, and 1.5% Asian; 93% were male. 75% of inmates were between the ages of 26 and 50. , 14,000 prisoners were in 16 federal prisons in the state of Texas.Tedford, Deborah. "Opening of U.S. detention center delivers some much-needed space." Houston Chronicle. October 16, 1999. p. A35 MetFront. NewsBank Record: 3171576. Available from the Houston Public Library. "Sixteen of the nation's 94 federal prisons are in Texas and house 14,000 convicts, Marler said." , almost 8,000 felons in 90 facilities, sentenced under D.C. laws, made up about 6% of the total Bureau population.Fornaci, Philip (Director of the DC Prisoners' Project). "Federal Bureau of Prisons Oversight Hearing" (Archive). Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary. July 21, 2009. Retrieved on February 5, 2016. As of August 2020, 46.2% of inmates were incarcerated for drug offences. The BOP receives all prisoner transfer treaty inmates sent from foreign countries, even if their crimes would have been, if committed in the United States, tried in state, DC, or territorial courts."Transfer Of State Prisoners." United States Department of Justice. Retrieved on April 14, 2016. ===Female inmates=== As of 2015, 27 Bureau facilities house women. The Bureau has a Mothers and Infants Nurturing Together (MINT) program for women who enter the system as inmates while pregnant. The Bureau pays for abortion only if it is life-threatening for the woman, but it may allow for abortions in non-life-threatening cases if non-BOP funds are used."Female offenders." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on December 13, 2015. In 2017, four Democratic Senators, including Kamala Harris, introduced a bill explicitly requiring tampons and pads to be free for female prisoners. In August 2017, the Bureau introduced a memorandum requiring free tampons and pads. The previous 1996 memorandum stated "products for female hygiene needs shall be available" without requiring them to be free of charge. A 2018 review by the Evaluation and Inspections Division, Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Justice, found the Bureau's programming and policy decisions did not fully consider the needs of female inmates in the areas of trauma treatment programming, pregnancy programming, and feminine hygiene. ===Juvenile inmates=== typically juveniles sent into Bureau custody are between 17 and 20, must have been under 18 at the time of the offense and had been convicted of sex-related offenses. This is because the most severe crimes committed on Indian Reservations are usually taken to federal court. According to the Bureau, most of the juveniles it receives had committed violent crimes and had "an unfavorable history of responding to interventions and preventive measures in the community." As of that year most federal juvenile inmates were from Arizona, Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska, and the District of Columbia (in no particular order)."Juveniles in the Bureau". Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on January 1, 2010. The Bureau contracts with facilities that house juvenile offenders. Title 18 U.S.C. 5039 specifies that "No juvenile committed...may be placed or retained in an adult jail or correctional institution in which he has regular contact with adults incarcerated because they have been convicted of a crime or are awaiting trial on criminal charges." The definition includes secure facilities and community- based correctional facilities. Federally sentenced juveniles may be moved into federal adult facilities at certain points; juveniles sentenced as adults are moved into adult facilities when they turn 18. Juveniles sentenced as juveniles are moved into adult facilities when they turn 21."Community Corrections FAQs ." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved September 14, 2010. ===Death row inmates=== United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute, the location of the federal death row for men and the federal execution chamber The Anti- Drug Abuse Act of 1988 reinstituted the federal death penalty."The Bureau Celebrates 80th Anniversary ." Federal Bureau of Prisons. May 14, 2010. Retrieved on October 3, 2010. On July 19, 1993, the federal government designated the United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute in Indiana as the site where male federal inmates sentenced to death would be held and where federal inmates of both genders would be executed. The Federal Medical Center, Carswell in Texas holds the female inmates who have been sentenced to death. Some male death row inmates are instead held at ADX Florence, and one in USMCFP Springfield. As of July 2020, 60 inmates are slated for death row. ===Overpopulation and responses=== Parole was abolished for federal inmates in 1987 and inmates must serve at least 85% of their original sentence before being considered for good-behavior release. In addition, the current, extremely strict, sentencing guidelines were adopted in response to rising crime rates in the 1980s and early 1990s, especially for drug-related offenses. US violent crime has dropped since then, but some analysts and activists believe that other factors played a much more significant part in falling crime rates. In addition, they hold that strict federal sentencing guidelines have led to overcrowding and needlessly incarcerated thousands of non-violent drug offenders who would be better served by drug treatment programs. The yearly increases in the federal inmate population have raised concerns from criminal justice experts and even among DOJ officials themselves. Michael Horowitz, the DOJ Inspector General, wrote a memorandum concerning this issue: ===Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)=== As of July 30, 2020, there are 2,910 federal inmates and 500 BOP staff who have confirmed positive test results for Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 nationwide. 7312 inmates and 683 staff have recovered. There have been 99 federal inmate deaths and 1 BOP staff member deaths attributed to COVID-19 disease. == See also == * Federal crime in the United States * List of U.S. federal prisons * Incarceration in the United States * List of United States federal law enforcement agencies * National Institute of Corrections * Federal Prison Industries, Inc. (UNICOR) ==References== * Arons, Anna, Katherine Culver, Emma Kaufman, Jennifer Yun, Hope Metcalf, Megan Quattlebaum, and Judith Resnik. "Dislocation and Relocation: Women in the Federal Prison System and Repurposing FCI Danbury for Men." Yale Law School, Arthur Liman Public Interest Program. September 2014. ==Notes== == Further reading == *The Federal Prison Population Buildup: Overview, Policy Changes, Issues, and Options, Congressional Research Service *Atlanta Federal Penitentiary Inmate Case Files, 1902–1921 at the National Archives at Atlanta == External links == * * Federal Bureau of Prisons in the Federal Register * Federal Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator Category:Prisons in the United States Category:Prison and correctional agencies Category:United States Department of Justice agencies Category:Penal system in the United States Category:Government agencies established in 1930 Category:1930 establishments in the United States United States "

— Federal Bureau of Prisons 😍

"Shape optimization is part of the field of optimal control theory. The typical problem is to find the shape which is optimal in that it minimizes a certain cost functional while satisfying given constraints. In many cases, the functional being solved depends on the solution of a given partial differential equation defined on the variable domain. Topology optimization is, in addition, concerned with the number of connected components/boundaries belonging to the domain. Such methods are needed since typically shape optimization methods work in a subset of allowable shapes which have fixed topological properties, such as having a fixed number of holes in them. Topological optimization techniques can then help work around the limitations of pure shape optimization. ==Definition== Mathematically, shape optimization can be posed as the problem of finding a bounded set \Omega, minimizing a functional :\mathcal{F}(\Omega), possibly subject to a constraint of the form :\mathcal{G}(\Omega)=0. Usually we are interested in sets \Omega which are Lipschitz or C1 boundary and consist of finitely many components, which is a way of saying that we would like to find a rather pleasing shape as a solution, not some jumble of rough bits and pieces. Sometimes additional constraints need to be imposed to that end to ensure well-posedness of the problem and uniqueness of the solution. Shape optimization is an infinite- dimensional optimization problem. Furthermore, the space of allowable shapes over which the optimization is performed does not admit a vector space structure, making application of traditional optimization methods more difficult. ==Examples== ==Techniques== Shape optimization problems are usually solved numerically, by using iterative methods. That is, one starts with an initial guess for a shape, and then gradually evolves it, until it morphs into the optimal shape. === Keeping track of the shape === Example: Shape optimization as applied to building geometry. Example provided courtesy of Formsolver.com Example: Optimization shape families resulting from differing goal parameters. Example provided courtesy of Formsolver.com To solve a shape optimization problem, one needs to find a way to represent a shape in the computer memory, and follow its evolution. Several approaches are usually used. One approach is to follow the boundary of the shape. For that, one can sample the shape boundary in a relatively dense and uniform manner, that is, to consider enough points to get a sufficiently accurate outline of the shape. Then, one can evolve the shape by gradually moving the boundary points. This is called the Lagrangian approach. Another approach is to consider a function defined on a rectangular box around the shape, which is positive inside of the shape, zero on the boundary of the shape, and negative outside of the shape. One can then evolve this function instead of the shape itself. One can consider a rectangular grid on the box and sample the function at the grid points. As the shape evolves, the grid points do not change; only the function values at the grid points change. This approach, of using a fixed grid, is called the Eulerian approach. The idea of using a function to represent the shape is at the basis of the level-set method. A third approach is to think of the shape evolution as of a flow problem. That is, one can imagine that the shape is made of a plastic material gradually deforming such that any point inside or on the boundary of the shape can be always traced back to a point of the original shape in a one-to-one fashion. Mathematically, if \Omega_0 is the initial shape, and \Omega_t is the shape at time t, one considers the diffeomorphisms :f_t:\Omega_0\to \Omega_t, \mbox{ for } 0\le t\le t_0. The idea is again that shapes are difficult entities to be dealt with directly, so manipulate them by means of a function. === Iterative methods using shape gradients === Consider a smooth velocity field V and the family of transformations T_s of the initial domain \Omega_0 under the velocity field V: :x(0) = x_0 \in \Omega_0, \quad x'(s) = V(x(s)), \quad T_s(x_0) = x(s), \quad s \geq 0 , and denote :\Omega_0 \mapsto T_s(\Omega_0) = \Omega_s. Then the Gâteaux or shape derivative of \mathcal{F}(\Omega) at \Omega_0 with respect to the shape is the limit of :d\mathcal{F}(\Omega_0;V) = \lim_{s \to 0}\frac{\mathcal{F}(\Omega_s) - \mathcal{F}(\Omega_0)}{s} if this limit exists. If in addition the derivative is linear with respect to V, there is a unique element of abla \mathcal{F} \in L^2(\partial \Omega_0) and :d\mathcal{F}(\Omega_0;V) = \langle abla \mathcal{F}, V \rangle_{\partial \Omega_0} where abla \mathcal{F} is called the shape gradient. This gives a natural idea of gradient descent, where the boundary \partial \Omega is evolved in the direction of negative shape gradient in order to reduce the value of the cost functional. Higher order derivatives can be similarly defined, leading to Newtonlike methods. Typically, gradient descent is preferred, even if requires a large number of iterations, because, it can be hard to compute the second-order derivative (that is, the Hessian) of the objective functional \mathcal{F}. If the shape optimization problem has constraints, that is, the functional \mathcal{G} is present, one has to find ways to convert the constrained problem into an unconstrained one. Sometimes ideas based on Lagrange multipliers can work. === Geometry parametrization === Shape optimization can be faced using standard optimization methods if a parametrization of the geometry is defined. Such parametrization is very important in CAE field where goal functions are usually complex functions evaluated using numerical models (CFD, FEA,...). A convenient approach, suitable for a wide class of problems, consists in the parametrization of the CAD model coupled with a full automation of all the process required for function evaluation (meshing, solving and result processing). Mesh morphing is a valid choice for complex problems that resolves typical issues associated with re-meshing such as discontinuities in the computed objective and constraint functions .Wilke, D.N.; Kok, S.; Groenwold, A.A. (2010) The application of gradient-only optimization methods for problems discretized using non-constant methods. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, Vol. 40, 433-451. In this case the parametrization is defined after the meshing stage acting directly on the numerical model used for calculation that is changed using mesh updating methods. There are several algorithms available for mesh morphing (deforming volumes, pseudosolids, radial basis functions). The selection of the parametrization approach depends mainly on the size of the problem: the CAD approach is preferred for small-to-medium sized models whilst the mesh morphing approach is the best (and sometimes the only feasible one) for large and very large models. The multi-objective Pareto optimization (NSGA II) could be utilized as a powerful approach for shape optimization. In this regard, the Pareto optimization approach displays useful advantages in design method such as the effect of area constraint that other multi-objective optimization cannot declare it. The approach of using a penalty function is an effective technique which could be used in the first stage of optimization. In this method the constrained shape design problem is adapted to an unconstrained problem with utilizing the constraints in the objective function as a penalty factor. Most of the time penalty factor is dependent to the amount of constraint variation rather than constraint number. The GA real- coded technique is applied in the present optimization problem. Therefore, the calculations are based on real value of variables. ==See also== *SU2 code *Topological derivative == References == == Sources == * Allaire, G. (2002) Shape optimization by the homogenization method. Applied Mathematical Sciences 146, Springer Verlag. * Ashok D. Belegundu, Tirupathi R. Chandrupatla. (2003) Optimization Concepts and applications in Engineering Prentice Hall. . * Bendsøe M. P.; Sigmund O. (2003) Topology Optimization: Theory, Methods and Applications. Springer. . * Burger, M.; Osher, S.L. (2005) A Survey on Level Set Methods for Inverse Problems and Optimal Design. European Journal of Applied Mathematics, vol.16 pp. 263–301. * Delfour, M.C.; Zolesio, J.-P. (2001) Shapes and Geometries - Analysis, Differential Calculus, and Optimization. SIAM. . * Haslinger, J.; Mäkinen, R. (2003) Introduction to Shape Optimization: Theory, Approximation and Computation. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematic. . * Laporte, E.; Le Tallec, P. (2003) Numerical Methods in Sensitivity Analysis and Shape Optimization. Birkhäuser. . * Mohammadi, B.; Pironneau, O. (2001) Applied Shape Optimization for Fluids. Oxford University Press. . * Simon J. (1980) Differentiation with respect to the domain in boundary value problems. Numer. Fuct. Anal. and Optimiz., 2(7&8), 649-687 (1980). ==External links== *Optopo Group — Simulations and bibliography of the optopo group at Ecole Polytechnique (France). Homogenization method and level set method. Category:Optimal control Category:Mathematical optimization "

— Shape optimization 😍

"Hillbilly Hare is a Merrie Melodies cartoon featuring Bugs Bunny, produced and released by Warner Bros. Pictures. It was directed by Robert McKimson and released on August 12, 1950. ==Plot== 250px Bugs Bunny is vacationing in the Ozarks and stumbles into the territory of two hillbilly brothers, Curt and Punkinhead Martin. The brothers figure Bugs as being a member of the clan they are feuding with and make several attempts to shoot him. Bugs foils them each time. Curt and Punkinhead are determined to get revenge on Bugs for their humiliation. Bugs easily outsmarts them and eventually, dressed as an attractive hillbilly girl, tricks them into doing a square dance. The dance tune starts as a straightforward version of "Skip to My Lou" played and called by the jukebox band, "The Sour Belly Trio". Shortly into it, Bugs deliberately unplugs the jukebox, removes the dress and takes over fiddling and square dance calling, still to the melody and rhythm of the song, but manipulating the Martins through a series of slapstick comedy gags. Bugs proceeds to assign the Martins increasingly bizarre and violent directives, which the brothers unquestioningly follow with hilarious results. Finally, with the Martins having promenaded off a cliff, Bugs finishes the dance by having the Martins groggily bow to each other (before collapsing due to exhaustion from the whole "dance") and saying, "And THAT is all!" and playing six final notes on the fiddle, before the cartoon ends. == Censorship == * This cartoon saw major editing when aired on ABC due to violent content. The following scenes were edited: ** The scene where Bugs mistakes Curt's gun for a camera and has his carrot shot full of holes was cut. ** The scene where Curt unties his rifle barrel, gets blasted in the face, was cut. ** The scene where Bugs meets up with Pumpkinhead, and Bugs reverses the gun barrel so that the second hillbilly is blown up was cut. ** The aftermath of the explosion in the dynamite shack sequence where Curt comes out with Bugs' lit lighter and says, "I think y'all are usin' too strong a fluid!" was also cut. ** The line during the square-dance ending that goes: Grab a fence post/Hold it tight/Whomp yer partner/Wit' all yer might/Hit 'im in the shin/Hit 'im in the head/Hit 'im again/The critter ain't dead/Whomp 'im low and whomp 'im high/Stick yer finger in his eye/Pretty l'il rhythm/Pretty l'il sound/Bang yer head against the ground (and the ensuing comic violence that follows) was also cut. ==Appearance in pop culture== The hillbillies in Hillbilly Hare have appeared in the DC Looney Tunes comic book series, and had a cameo along with Bugs in the Histeria! episode "Great Heroes of France". They also make a brief cameo in Space Jam (they are briefly seen with the other Looney Tunes characters watching the basketball game between the Tune Squad and the Monstars). ==Availability== Hillbilly Hare is available (uncensored and uncut) on Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, Disc 1. ==References== ==External links== * Category:1950 films Category:1950 animated films Category:1950 short films Category:1950s American animated films Category:1950s animated short films Category:Merrie Melodies shorts Category:American films Category:Films featuring Bugs Bunny Category:Animated films about revenge Category:Films directed by Robert McKimson Category:Films scored by Carl Stalling Category:Ozarks in fiction Category:Warner Bros. animated short films, 1950s "

— Hillbilly Hare 😍