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"Several Spanish translations of the Bible have been made since approximately 700 years ago. Jewish translations Medieval Spanish Jews had a tradition of oral translation of Biblical readings into Spanish, and several manuscript translations were made, either for Jewish use or for Christian patrons, for example the 1430 Alba Bible. However, restrictions were placed on the private ownership of Spanish translations of the Bible, partly as a measure against Protestantism and partly for fear that crypto-Jews would use them as a resource for learning Jewish practices. Following the expulsion of Jews from Spain, the refugees took these versions with them. In 1553 a printed version, known as the Ferrara Bible, was made in Latin characters for Duke Ercole II d'Este of Ferrara. In Constantinople and Salonica Bibles were printed in Hebrew, flanked by translations into Ladino and Judaeo-Greek in Hebrew characters, for the use of the Sephardi Jews. Some later prints contained the Ladino text alone. Reina-Valera translation The classic Spanish translation of the Bible is that of Casiodoro de Reina, revised by Cipriano de Valera. It was for the use of the incipient Protestant movement and is widely regarded as the Spanish equivalent of the King James Version. Bible's title- page traced to the Bavarian printer Mattias Apiarius, "the bee-keeper". Note the emblem of a bear tasting honey. The first whole Bible in Spanish was printed in Basel in 1569, authored by Casiodoro de Reina, although some think that this Bible was a collective effort of some monks of the San Isidoro community in Spain, who, led by Casiodoro de Reyna, escaped Inquisition and persecution. This was the first version of the complete Bible in Spanish (including Apocrypha), and is known as "Biblia del Oso" because of the honey- eating bear on its title page. Reina presented the University of Basel with some volumes, one of them with Reina's dedicatory and signature. For the Old Testament, the work was possibly based on the Ferrara Bible (printed 1553), with comparisons to the Masoretic Text and the Vetus Latina. The New Testament probably derives from the Textus Receptus of Erasmus with comparisons to the Vetus Latina and Syriac manuscripts. It is possible that Reina also used the New Testament versions that had been translated first by Francisco de Enzinas (printed in Antwerp 1543) and by Juan Pérez de Pineda (published in Geneva 1556, followed by the Psalms 1562). After the publication of the whole Bible by Reina, there was a version from Cipriano de Valera (printed in London 1596) which became part of the first Reina-Valera print (Amsterdam 1602). This edition of the Reina-Valera Bible has been revised in the 17th, 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries (1602, 1862, 1865, 1909, 1960, 1977, 1989, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012). The discussion on these revisions especially concerning the 1960 version resulted in the "Monterrey Revision Project", as well as others, aiming at a revision of the original version of 1602 according to the Textus Receptus. The Reina-Valera Bible and most of its subsequent revisions, with the notable exceptions of the 2011 and 2015 revisions which uses "El Señor" (The Lord) and the 1990 revision which uses "El Eterno" (The Eternal), feature the divine name based on the Hebrew Tetragrammaton rendered as "Jehová" (Jehovah) throughout the Old Testament starting at Genesis 2:4. The Reina-Valera Bible is one of the Bible Versions authorized to be used in Spanish language services of the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion.The Canons of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church: Canon 2: Of Translations of the Bible Catholic translations Catholic Bibles contain the entire canonical text identified by Pope Damasus and the Synod of Rome (382) and the local Councils of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397), contained in St. Jerome's Latin Vulgate translation (420), and decreed infallibly by the Ecumenical Council of Trent (1570). Their official publication requires approval by the Holy See or conference of bishops.Code of Canon Law, canon 825 The Bible was first translated into Castilian Spanish in the so-called Pre-Alfonsine version, which led to the Alfonsine version for the court of Alfonso X (ca. 1280). The ' appeared in 1825. Traditionalist Catholics consider this to be the best Spanish translation because it is direct translation from St. Jerome's Latin Vulgate, like the English language Douay-Rheims Bible. Of more recent versions, the first official translation of the complete Catholic Bible was done by Nácar-Colunga (1944), followed by Bover-Cantera (1947) and Straubinger (1944–51). The most widely accepted Catholic Bible is the Jerusalem Bible, known as "la Biblia de Jerusalén" in Spanish, translated from Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek with exegetical notes translated from French into Spanish, first published in 1967, and revised in 1973. It is also available in a modern Latin American version, and comes with full introductory texts and comments. This particular Catholic Bible version has the interesting distinction of rendering the divine name based on the Hebrew Tetragrammaton as "Yahvé" (Yahweh) as opposed to the most common rendering of "El Señor" (The Lord) throughout the Old Testament text starting at Genesis 2:4. Other popular versions include Biblia Latinoamericana (1972), Nueva Biblia Española (1975), Cantera-Iglesia (1975), Sagrada Biblia (1978), Dios Habla Hoy (1979), La Biblia (1992), Biblia del Peregrino (1993), Biblia de América (1994) and La Biblia de Nuestro Pueblo (2006). In recent years several ecumenical versions that carry the deuterocanonical books, for example "Dios Habla Hoy" from the UBS, have been approved by the CELAM (Latin American Episcopal Council) for study purposes. Their acceptance, however, is limited and their use in liturgy avoided due to claims of inaccurate translations in key passages for Catholics like Luke 1:26-38, 40–45; John 20:22-23; 21:15-17. In 2010 the Conference of Spanish Bishops published an official version of the Holy Bible in Spanish for liturgical and catechetical use. Many of these Catholic translations are also the Bible Versions authorized to be used in Spanish language services of the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion. Messianic translations Las Sagradas Escrituras, Versión Israelita Nazarena The Old and New Testaments have been translated into Spanish by Messianic translators, edited by Editorial Hebraica and published by El Candelero de Luz, Inc. with an introduction by J.A. Alvarez under the title Las Sagradas Escrituras, Versión Israelita Nazarena (The Sacred Scriptures, Israelite Nazarene Version) in Puerto Rico in 2012. The Old Testament books follow the same order as the Jewish Bible and also includes Psalm 151. This translation is only available in Spanish. The Old Testament is based on the Hebrew Masoretic Text while the New Testament is based on the Novum Testamentum of Westcott & Hort (The New Testament in the Original Greek). This translation uses the divine name of the Hebrew tetragrammaton which renders it as Yahweh and/or Elohim throughout the text, while the Messiah's name is rendered Yahoshua as opposed to the more common and popular form of Yeshua or Jesus. The Holy Spirit is rendered Espíritu de Yahweh or Santidad (Spirit of Yahweh or Sanctity) as opposed to the more common Espíritu Santo (Holy Spirit). This translation utilizes Hebrew names for people and places as opposed to the more common Greek/Spanish equivalents. Bible names are in italicized Hebrew (transliterated in the Roman alphabet) alongside their equivalent Spanish names. This edition comes with an appendix and a Hebrew glossary to aid the reader in interpreting Hebrew names and words for people, places, objects and concepts such as the Hebrew word malakhim which is rendered mensajero (messenger) as opposed to the more common Spanish word ángel. This Spanish language Messianic Bible was geared and oriented towards the growing Messianic Jewish movement in Latin America, Spain and Israel, where there is a Sephardic Jewish presence, as well as a growing number of Hispanic and Sephardic members in the Messianic Jewish movement in the United States of America and Canada. Nuevo Testamento Judío The "Nuevo Testamento Judío" is a 2011 re-translation into Spanish of Dr. David H. Stern's 1989 English translation known as the Jewish New Testament (B'rit Hadashah) . Published by Messianic Jewish Resources International. List of Spanish translations *Biblia Alfonsina, 1280. *Biblia del Duque de Alba, 1430. *Antiguo Testamento del rabino Salomón, 1420. *Antiguo Testamento de traductor anónimo, 1420. *Nuevo Testamento de Francisco de Enzinas, 1543. *Ferrara Bible, 1553. *Nuevo Testamento de Juan Pérez de Pineda, 1556. *Reina o "Biblia del Oso" (RV), 1569, revised in 1602 by Cipriano de Valera (see Reina-Valera). *Biblia del padre Scío de San Miguel, 1793. *Valera1865, Valera 1602 reprinted by the America Bible Society, revised by Dr. Ángel de Mora, 1865. *Versión Moderna, 1893. *Biblia de Petisco y Torres Amat (1º Tomo—Genesis to Ruth), 5º Tomo—Isaiah to Ezekiel, 1825. *Nuevo Testamento versión hispanoamericana, 1916. *Biblia Nácar-Colunga, 1944. *Biblia Bóver-Cantera, 1947. *Nuevo Testamento de monseñor Straubinger, 1948. *Biblia Reina-Valera, 1960. Revised in 1602 by Casiodoro de Reina and Cipriano de Valera (see Reina-Valera), published by the United Bible Societies. *Biblia de Jerusalén, 1966. Translation from French. *Biblia traducción del Nuevo Mundo, 1967. Translation from English. *Biblia de Editorial Labor, 1968. *Biblia Latinoamericana, elsewhere called "Biblia edición pastoral para Latinoamérica", 1972. *La Biblia de editorial Herder, 1975. *Nueva Biblia Española, 1976. *Sagrada Biblia de Magaña. 1978 *Biblia Interconfesional, 1978. *Dios Habla Hoy o Versión Popular (DHH), 1979. *La Biblia al Día, 1979. *Biblia el libro del pueblo de Dios, 1980. *Biblia de la Universidad de Navarra, 1983–2004. *La Biblia de las Américas (LBLA), published by the Lockman Foundation, 1986, 1995, 1997. *Biblia, versión revisada por un equipo de traductores dirigido por Evaristo Martín Nieto. 1989. *Reina-Valera Actualizada (RVA), published by the Editorial Mundo Hispano, 1989. *Biblia Casa de la Biblia, 1992. *Biblia del Peregrino, 1993. *Nuevo Testamento versión Recobro, 1994. *Nueva Versión Internacional (NVI), 1999. *Nuevo Testamento traducción de Pedro Ortiz, 2000. *Nuevo Testamento la Palabra de Dios para Todos (PDT), 2000. *VALERA1865, revised by Dr. Ángel de Mora, 1865, reprinted by the Valera Bible Society, 2000. *Traducción en lenguaje actual (TLA), 2003. *Traducción del Nuevo Mundo de las Escrituras Griegas Cristianas, 1963. Based on English/Original Text. Published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. *Traducción del Nuevo Mundo de las Santas Escrituras, 1987. Based on English/Original Text. Published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. *La Biblia. Traducción del Nuevo Mundo, 2019. Based on English/Original Text. Published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. *Reina Valera Gómez 2004 Publicada por Iglesia Bautista Libertad. *Biblia la Palabra de Dios para Todos (PDT), 2005. *Nueva Biblia de las Américas (NBLA), published by the Lockman Foundation, 2005. Formerly known as Nueva Biblia Latinoamericana de Hoy (NBLH), Nueva Biblia de los Hispanos (NBH), y Nueva Biblia Latinoamericana (NBL) *Nueva Biblia al día (NBD), 2008 Published by Thomas Nelson. *Nueva Traducción Viviente (NTV), 2010 Published by Tyndale Español. *Santa Biblia: Reina-Valera 2009, 2009 Published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. *Santa Biblia: Nueva Reina-Valera Versión Siglo XXI, 2009 Published by Sociedad Bíblica Emanuel. *Sagrada Biblia. Versión oficial de la Conferencia Episcopal Española, 2010. (SagradaBibliaCEE.com. Printed editions include = paperback, and = reforzada.) *Reina Valera Contemporánea, 2011 Published by Sociedades Biblicas Unidas (United Bible Societies). *Nuevo Testamento Judío, 2011 by Dr.David H. Stern published by Messianic Jewish Resources International. *Las Sagradas Escrituras, Versión Israelita Nazarena, 2012 Published by El Candelero de Luz, Inc. in Puerto Rico. *La Santa Biblia Rey Jacobo, 2017 Available at Www.reyjacobo.com *La Biblia Traducción del Nuevo Mundo 2019 Available in Digital format for free at JW.ORG References External links * Valera Bible Society. Rejects all Reina-Valera revisions after 1865. * Biblia Latinoamericana (Sobicain) * Nueva Versión International (International Bible Society) * Which Spanish Bible is Correct? (fundamentalist site) * Biblia Reina-Valera, 1602 version (Project Gutenberg) * Santa Biblia Valera 1602 Purificada * Santa Biblia Valera 1602 Purificada (2007) * Bible Versions (biblegateway.com) *Biblia de Jerusalem *Spanish Bible PDT version *El Libro del Pueblo de Dios (vatican.va) *https://archive.today/20130120061033/http://www.dailyaudiobible.com/Groups/1000043454/Daily_Audio_Bible/Hidden_Home_Page/Listen_Now/Listen_Now.aspx *Santa Biblia: Reina-Valera 2009 (LDS edition) * La Biblia más antigua en castellano (Spanish) * Santa Biblia en Audio : Free Audio Bible in Spanish *La Biblia. Traducción del Nuevo Mundo (revisión del 2019) "
"The zombie comedy, often called zom com or zomedy, is a film genre that aims to blend zombie horror motifs with slapstick comedy as well as dark comedy. History The earliest roots of the genre can be found in Jean Yarbrough's King of the Zombies (1941) and Gordon Douglas's Zombies on Broadway (1945), though both of these films dealt with Haitian-style zombies. While not comedies, George A. Romero's Dawn of the Dead (1978) and Day of the Dead (1985) featured several comedic scenes. An American Werewolf in London (1981)Nelson, Resa (2004). "Science Fiction Weekly Interview". SciFi Weekly, Issue 388, paragraph 4. Retrieved April 9, 2007. and the Return of the Living Dead series (1985)Dellamorte (January 22, 2003). Return of the Living Dead. Classic Horror Review. Retrieved April 9, 2007. (especially the first two and the last of the series) can be considered some of the earliest examples of zombie-comedy using the modern zombie. Other early examples include Mr. Vampire, CHUD II: Bud the CHUD (1989), Braindead (1992), Bio Zombie (1998), and The Odd Family: Zombie On Sale (2019) A popular modern zombie comedy is Edgar Wright's Shaun of the Dead (2004),Edelstein, David (September 23, 2004). "The Importance of Being Undead: A Zombie Comedy of Manners" . Slate Magazine. Retrieved April 9, 2007. a self-dubbed Romantic Zombie Comedy, or RomZomCom, with many in-jokes and references to George A. Romero's earlier Dead films, especially Dawn of the Dead. Other popular zombie comedies include Gregg Bishop's Dance of the Dead (2008) and the 2009 film Zombieland. Andrew Currie's Fido,Capt. Xerox (March 16, 2007). "Critics Love the New Zombie Comedy Fido". The Website @ The End Of The Universe. Retrieved April 9, 2007. Matthew Leutwyler's Dead & Breakfast, and Peter Jackson's Braindead are also examples of zombie comedies.Frazer, Bryant. Braindead (review). Deep Focus. Retrieved April 9, 2007. Sam Raimi's Evil Dead II, although a more direct horror film, contains some lighthearted and dark comedy elements, and its sequel, Army of Darkness, is even more comedic. The Evil Dead series does not, however, feature any traditional-style zombies. Other films that can be considered zombie comedies include: * Bio Zombie (1998) * Buck Wild (2013) * Burying the Ex (2014) * Cockneys vs Zombies (2012) * Dance of the Dead (2008) * DeadHeads (2011) * Dead Snow (2009) * Dead Snow 2: Red vs. Dead (2014), Icelandic-Norwegian * Fido (2006) * First Platoon (2013) * Go Goa Gone, Bollywood (Hindi) movie * Idle Hands (1999), starring Devon Sawa and Seth Green * Juan De Los Muertos (2010), Spanish-Cuban film released in the UK and US as Juan of the Dead * Life After Beth (2014) * Mr. Vampire (1985) * My Boyfriend's Back (1993) * Night of the Creeps (1986) * One Cut of the Dead (2017), a low-budget Japanese film * ParaNorman (2012) * Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead (2005) * Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2016) * Re- Animator (1985) * Redneck Zombies (1986) * Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse (2015) * Shaun of the Dead (2004) * The Dead Don't Die (2019) * The Odd Family: Zombie On Sale (2019), a first South Korean zombie comedy film. * Tokyo Zombie (2005) * Trip Ubusan: The Lolas vs. Zombies (2017) * Warm Bodies (2013) * Zombie eXs (2013) * Zombieland (2009), starring Woody Harrelson, Jesse Eisenberg, Emma Stone and Abigail Breslin * Zombie Strippers (2008) * Zomboat! (2019), ITV/Hulu TV show * Zombieland: Double Tap (2019), sequel to Zombieland * Little Monsters (2019 film) (the 2019 Hulu Original, not to be confused with the 1989 comedy film starring Fred Savage and Howie Mandel of the same name) See also * Cannibalism in popular culture * Comedy horror * List of comedy horror films * Zombies in popular culture References Category:Film genres Category:Comedy genres Category:Horror genres Category:Horror comedy "
"Sam Phran (, ) is the southernmost district (amphoe) of Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand. History The district was established in 1896, then named Talat Mai District. It was renamed Sam Phran in 1917. The name Sam Phran, meaning 'three hunters', refers to three hunters of Thai folklore. The district was the site of the Kader Toy Factory fire in 1993, the worst industrial factory fire in history. The factory was owned by the Charoen Pokphand (CP) Group, a Thai transnational corporation and one of Asia's largest agribusiness firms. Geography The district is elongated in an east-west direction and neighbouring districts are (from the north clockwise) Mueang Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Chai Si, and Phutthamonthon of Nakhon Pathom Province, Thawi Watthana District and Nong Khaem of Bangkok, Krathum Baen and Ban Phaeo of Samut Sakhon Province, and Bang Phae of Ratchaburi Province. The main water resource of the district is the large Tha Chin River or Nakhon Chai Si River which meanders through the district in a southeasterly direction. Sam Phran District has evolved as a ribbon development of tambons (sub-districts) along Phetkasem Road, a major thoroughfare linking Bangkok with the cities of Nakhon Pathom and Kanchanaburi. Economy The district is the site of two Wai Wai noodle factories, one each in Om Yai and Rai Khing. The Tha Kham Sub- district (usually written Takham), is the centre of the Roman Catholic Christian religion in Thailand. Michael Michai Kitbunchu, Cardinal of Thailand, was born in Sam Phran and many Catholic religious institutes have their convents, monasteries, and headquarters in the area as well as Thailand's major seminary. The largest and most important installation in the Catholic enclave of Tha Kham is the campus shared by Joseph Upatham School, one of the largest combined kindergarten, primary, and secondary schools in the country. It is one of the 43 schools and colleges governed by the Education Department of Bangkok Archdiocese (EDBA). The Ban Phu Waan Pastoral Training Centre, a leading Catholic conference and convention centre is also here. There are several other large private schools in Tak Kham including St. Peter's school (mixed gender, grades K–9) also governed by the EDBA in the parish of St. Peter, and Marie Upatham, an independent Catholic school for girls in the Tha Kham village of Mor Sii. Sam Phran is the site of the National Police Academy and numerous other colleges including St. Joseph Intertechnology College, a Catholic vocational school and teacher training centre also governed by the EDBA. Administration The district is divided into 16 sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 137 villages (mubans). Sam Phran is a town (thesaban mueang) and Om Yai a sub- district municipality (thesaban tambon). There are a further 15 tambon administrative organizations (TAO). { ! No. ! Name ! Thai ! Villages ! Pop. - 1.Tha Khamท่าข้าม69,880 - 2.Song Khanongทรงคนอง64,140 - 3.Hom Kretหอมเกร็ด68,015 - 4.Bang Krathuekบางกระทึก89,470 - 5.Bang Toeiบางเตย74,016 - 6.Sam Phranสามพราน912,430 - 7.Bang Changบางช้าง117,638 - 8.Rai Khingไร่ขิง1422,406 - 9.Tha Talatท่าตลาด1014,848 - 10.Krathum Lomกระทุ่มล้ม916,398 - 11.Khlong Maiคลองใหม่711,326 - 12.Talat Chindaตลาดจินดา117,397 - 13.Khlong Chindaคลองจินดา1411,579 - 14.Yai Chaยายชา67,102 - 15.Ban Maiบ้านใหม่59,142 - 16.Om Yaiอ้อมใหญ่815,775 } Places of interest *Wat Rai Khing (วัดไร่ขิง), temple on the Nakhon Chai Si River (Tha Chin River) *Rose Garden Riverside (สวนสามพราน), botanical garden *Samphran Elephant Ground & Zoo (ลานแสดงช้างและฟาร์มจระเข้สามพราน), crocodile farm and zoo, a branch of Samutprakarn Crocodile Farm and Zoo *Samphran Peacock Park (สวนนกยูงสามพราน), peacock park and zoo *Royal Police Cadet Academy (โรงเรียนนายร้อยตำรวจ), Royal Thai Police (RTP) academy *Don Wai Floating Market (ตลาดน้ำดอนหวาย), floating market Notable people *Chanathip "Messi-J" Songkrasin, Thai professional footballer *Michael Michai Kitbunchu, Cardinal of Thailand *Pallop Pinmanee, a retired Thai Army general References External links *amphoe.com (Thai) Sam Phran "