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"Naqib Nangarhari (born 29 July 1998) is an Afghan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Speen Ghar Region in the 2017–18 Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament on 7 December 2017. He made his List A debut for Speen Ghar Region in the 2018 Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament on 25 July 2018. References External links * Category:1998 births Category:Living people Category:Afghan cricketers Category:Spin Ghar Tigers cricketers Category:Place of birth missing (living people) "
"Welding is a manufacturing method used to join various materials in order to form an assembly. During welding, joints are formed between two or more separate pieces of material. A welded joint subjected to cyclic loading could fail due to fatigue. Fatigue results from this cyclic loading, as well as strains, in the material. Throughout a welded assembly's life, cracks, which reduce the fatigue life of a joint, could initiate, propagate, and grow causing the assembly to fail even if these cyclic stresses are low and smaller than the base material and weld filler material yield stress. Hence, the fatigue strength of a welded joint does not correlate to the fatigue strength of the base material. Incorporating design considerations in the development phase can reduce failures due to fatigue in welded joints. Stress Life Method Typical S-N Curve Similar to high cycle fatigue analysis, the stress life method utilizing stress-cycle curves (also known as Wöhler curves) can be used to determine the strength of a welded joint under fatigue loading. Welded sample specimens undergo repeated loading at a specified stress amplitude, or fatigue strength, until the material fails. This same test is then repeated with various stress amplitudes in order to determine its corresponding cycles, N, to failure. With the data collected, fatigue strength can be plotted against the corresponding number of cycles for a specific material, welded joint and loading. From these curves, the endurance limit, finite-life and infinite-life region can then be determined. Factors Affecting Fatigue Welding Residual Stresses During the welding process, residual stresses can present themselves in the area of the weld, either in the heat affected zone or fusion zone . The mean stress a welded joint may see in application, can be altered due to the welding processes implementing residual stresses, changing the fatigue life and can render S-N laboratory testing results. Welded assemblies, with geometrical imperfections, can also introduce residual stresses. Removal of residual stresses by stress relief methods can only be partially achieved. Residual stresses can still remain in a welded joint even after some of these stress relief methods have been achieved. Member Thickness An increase in thickness of a base material decreases the fatigue strength when a crack propagates from the toe of a welded joint. This is due to an increase in residual stress concentrations in thick material cross sections. Material Type All materials have varying physical and mechanical properties. As a materials ultimate tensile strength increases, this does not lead to an increase in fatigue strength. This is not the case when evaluating materials that do not contain welded joints. Therefore, stress-cycle curves for welded joints cannot be correlated to the materials ultimate tensile strength. Most design information has been developed for structural steels. Welding Process Many welding processes are available for various applications and environments. Stress-cycle curves are not available for all of these processes and still need to be developed so that proper fatigue analysis can be performed. The most abundant process found in stress-cycle curves is developed from specimens prepared by arc welding. Surrounding Environment The surrounding environment can effect the fatigue life of a welded assembly, often lowering it. Points such as temperature, moisture, and geographical location are considered part of the surrounding environment. Environments which contain sea water may see decreased fatigue life due to the increase in crack growth rates. Little information is available in this area, but it is known that if a base material is subjected to corrosion, the fatigue strength can decrease to what is similarly found in welded joints. Avoiding Fatigue Failures of a Welded Joint Since the presence of cracks reduces fatigue life and accelerates failure, it is important to avoid all cracking mechanisms in order to prolong the fatigue life of a welded joint. Other weld defects, such as inclusions and lack of penetration, should also be avoided due to these defects being the source of where cracks can initiate. Detailed review of the welded joint during the design is another way to reduce failures. Ensuring that the design is able to handle the cyclic loading profile will prevent premature failures. Additional resources through design handbooks are also available to aid in designing the welded joint to optimize fatigue life. Finite element analysis can also be used to successfully predict fatigue failure. References Category:Welding Category:Mechanical failure Category:Fracture mechanics "
"Bad Saarow Klinikum station is a railway station in the municipality of Bad Saarow in the district Oder-Spree of Brandenburg. It is served by the line . The station, which is situated near the local hospital, was opened on 24 October 2011. References Category:Railway stations in Brandenburg Category:Buildings and structures in Oder-Spree Category:Railway stations in Germany opened in 2011 "