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"Kurnatowski (Polish plural: Kurnatowscy) is a Polish aristocratic family. The family has been highly prominent for centuries, first in the Kingdom of Poland, later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and presently in the Republic of Poland. Since the 16th century, members of the Kurnatowski family have been active in politics, the arts, and military affairs. The family has maintained extensive wealth and land holdings, including palaces in Biezdrowo, Dusina, Gościeszyn, Kotowo, and Żołędowo. The family was first described in 1336 by Nicolaus Starogrodzki in Kreis Birnbaum. In 1902, a line was given the title of Count by edict of Pope Leo XIII. In 1916, another line received the title of Count from Tsar Nicholas II. ==History== The Kurnatowski family was first described in 1336 by Nicolaus Starogrodzki in Kreis Birnbaum. The name comes from the Kunratowice, which was owned by the family since 1448. Originally the name was therefore Kunratowski. During the 16th Century the family was consolidated under the name Kurnatowski. The family is part of the Łodzia clan and have been participants in politics, arts, and military endeavors. As magnates and members of the nobility, the Kurnatowski family has maintained extensive land holdings, including palaces in Biezdrowo, Dusina, Gościeszyn, Kotowo, and Żołędowo. The family's Golden Age was the 17th century, when its members accumulated much wealth and influence, held numerous important posts within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The title of Count (Hrabia in Polish) was bestowed by Papal edict in 1902 to one of the branches of the family. Another line received the title of Count in 1916 from Tsar Nicholas II. Some members of the Kurnatowski family were ardent members of the Polish Reformed Church, or Calvinists, producing a number of clergymen, although the Duisina and other family lines have remained Roman Catholic since at least the 13th century. ==Coat of Arms and Motto== The Kurnatowski family uses the Łodzia arms and the motto, My pływamy w krwi naszych wrogów ("We swim in the blood of our enemies"). Having first appeared in 1303, the arms are one of the oldest in Poland. ==Notable members== Notable members include: * Hrabia Zygmunt Kurnatowski: 1778 - 1858, Count, Polish general, aide-de-camp to Napoleon Bonaparte, involved in the November Uprising and in the Polish- Russian War of 1831. * Hrabia Eryk Kurnatowski: 1883 - 1975, born in Kolwica, Poland and died in Warsaw. Count (since 1916), Polish Senator, established Poland's premier horse-breeding facility on his estate at Łochów * Konstanty Kurnatowski: 1878 - 1968, born in Birze (Lithuania) and died in Germany. Descended from a line of distinguished Calivinist cleargymen, was himself a pastor in Kielmy, and later the General Superintendent (bishop) of the Lithuanian Brethren, and from 1938 till 1940 of the Polish Reformed Church. * Hrabia Zygmunt Kurnatowski: born 1858, son of Stanislaw and Eleonora Potworowska, obtained the hereditary papal title of Count from Pope Leo XIII on 30 September 1902 (succession by male primogeniture); See Counts of Galicia and Poland * Maria Kurnatowska: 1945 - 2009, Polish politician who served as a Member of Sejm from 1993 to 1997 and as a Member of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly from 1999 to 2009. * (born 1927), Polish physician * Helena Kurnatowska: 1929, Polish politician who served as a Member of Sejm from 1976 to 1985. * Theo Von: 1980, American comedian, television host, podcast host, and actor. ==Bibliography== * Wolf-Dietrich v. Kurnatowski: Genealogie des Geschlechts Kurnatowski, Braunschweig 1964 (Manuscript) * August Wilhelm Bernhard v. Uechtritz: Diplomatische Nachrichten adeliger Familien 7, Leipzig 1795. Category:Polish noble families Category:Clan of Łodzia Category:Lithuanian nobility Category:Polish nobility Category:Surnames "
"A palendag, a Philippine bamboo flute of the Maguindanaon people The palendag, also called Pulalu (Manobo and Mansaka), Palandag (Bagobo), Pulala (Bukidnon) and Lumundeg (Banuwaen) is a type of Philippine bamboo flute, the largest one used by the Maguindanaon, a smaller type of this instrument is called the Hulakteb (Bukidnon). A lip-valley flute, it is considered the toughest of the three bamboo flutes (the others being the tumpong and the suling) to use because of the way one must shape one's lips against its tip to make a sound. The construction of the mouthpiece is such that the lower end is cut diagonally to accommodate the lower lip and the second diagonal cut is make for the blowing edge. Among the Bukidnon, a similar instrument with the same construction except that it is three-fourths the length of the palendag, is called the hulakteb For the Maguindanaon, the palendag was used for intimate gatherings for families in the evening. ==ReferencesExternal links== *Photograph of a Pulala, by Hans Brandeis. *Photograph of a Pulala, by Hans Brandeis. *Photograph of a Pulala mouthpiece, by Hans Brandeis. *Photograph of a Palandag, by Fekke de Jagar. *Photograph of a Pulalu, by Fekke de Jagar. Category:End-blown flutes Category:Philippine musical instruments Category:Culture of Maguindanao Category:Culture of Bukidnon "
"Stella Diaz (born December 14, 1984) is a Puerto Rican fashion model and former contestant on the NBC reality television show Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model Search. Diaz was the only Latina to participate on the program, which premiered on January 5, 2005, on NBC and ended with the season finale on February 9, 2005. She was eliminated on the second episode and was the sixth model eliminated out of 12 contestants. Since her appearance on the show, Diaz has continued to work as a professional model in Puerto Rico. She has received three Paoli Awards for Model of the Year: one in 2006 and two in 2005, Orlando Edition and Puerto Rico Edition. She is a 2007 magna cum laude graduate of Universidad del Sagrado Corazón. ==References External links == *Official Website Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:Puerto Rican female models Category:Reality modeling competition participants "