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"A GND filter held up to the horizon. Note the poor contrast in the overexposed part of the sky not covered by the filter. The same image with washed-out (white) pixels colored red. Note that clouds that are washed out without the GND filter show detail behind the filter. A graduated neutral-density filter, also known as a graduated ND filter, split neutral-density filter, or just a graduated filter, is an optical filter that has a variable light transmission. Typically half of the filter is of neutral density which transitions, either abruptly or gradually, into the other half which is clear. It is used to bring an overly-bright part of a scene into the dynamic range of film or sensor. For example, it can be used to darken a bright sky so that both the sky and subject can be properly exposed. ND filters can come in a variety of shapes and sizes and densities and can be used in all types of photographic applications from still photography, motion photography and scientific applications. Center-spot filters are ND graduated filters that are slightly opaque in the center and are clear at edges. These are used for special effects or to compensate for light falloff that is natural with large optics. ==History== The same image with a GND-like effect applied to the right side of the image using a computer. While the overall effect is similar, regions of the image that were washed out are not recovered. Graduated filters were used in the early twentieth century, for example for darkening skies in landscape photos. One advertised brand was called the "Lifa graduated filters for sky, cloud, and landscape photography. These "sky filters" were not necessarily neutral, since they were used for black-and-white photography, and sometimes used a yellow top half to darken blue skies more. In a discussion at the Royal Photographic Society in 1910, some "debatants" held the use of such "graduated color screens" to be quite limited. In more modern times, the use of graduated ND filters was popularized by Galen Rowell. Singh-Ray sold them as "The Singh- Ray set of 4 Galen Rowell Graduated Neutral-Density Filters." Although its importance may have lessened with the advent of the modern digital darkroom, graduated ND filters are still an important tool for professionals because a digital sensor that is clipping ("blown out" or "washed out") captures no usable data in the clipped area, an effect which cannot be corrected with later processing because data has been lost. ==Types== A Cokin 3-stop (ND8) graduated ND filter. Stacked cases of Cokin filters. The filter comes in many types but can be separated into two basic categories: *Hard edge *Soft edge A hard edge is used when there is an abrupt change in brightness, such as a field with a horizon to a bright sky. A soft edge is a wider, smoother change from light to dark. This is used when the light and dark portions are not distinctly separated, such as a mountain and sky. A soft edge filter is less noticeable than a hard edge. It also has the benefit of making the sky more intense, darkening the sky the closer on the top. Below is a picture of what a hard edge and soft edge filter would look like. Image:Grad-nd-soft-edge.svgSoft-edge GND filter Image:Grad-nd-hard- edge.svgHard-edge GND filter ==Multi-shoots high dynamic range== As an alternative to split graduated neutral density filters, some digital cameras offer built-in high-dynamic- range imaging (HDR) which allow the camera to capture and then combine different exposures of the same subject matter when shooting in RAW image format. However, as long as a sufficiently short exposure time is available, it is possible to exactly mimic the effect of a graduated neutral density filter by using two exposures of the same scene one or several stops apart and blending them with a graduated mask in an image editor. This method has the advantage that the shape of the mask can be freely defined in editing. The disadvantage is that it only works with static subjects using a tripod. ==References== ==External links== * An effective demonstration picture Category:Optical filters "
"Khizar Humayun Ansari is a British academic who was awarded an OBE in 2002 for his work in the field of race and ethnic relations. He is the director of the Centre for Minority Studies, at the University of London. Ansari's research focuses on the history of Islam, minorities in South Asia, and the experience of Muslims living in Western nations. ==Family== Ansari was born in Sukkur, Sindhhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjpKaAXO3Xk and migrated to the United Kingdom. He is married to professor and South Asian historian Sarah Ansari, and has two sons, test cricketer, Zafar Ansari and first class cricketer Akbar Ansari. Ansari is of Pakistani descent. == Selected publications == * 'The Infidel Within', the History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present, C. Hurst Publishers, 2004 *Processes of institutionalisation of Islam in England and Wales, Muslims in Europe: From the Margin to the Centre Edited by Jamal Malik, LIT Verlag, Munster, 2004 *Muslims in Britain, Minority Rights Group, 2002 *The Woking Mosque: A Case Study of Muslim Engagement with British Society since 1889, Immigrants and Minorities, Vol. 21, No. 3, November 2002, pp.1-24 Published by Frank Cass, London * 'Breaking the Mould', in Cracking the Culture Club, Race Relations and Reform in the Civil Service, Public Service Magazine, FDA, June 2002 *Attitudes to Islam and Muslims in Britain: 1875 - 1924 Indo-British Review, Millennium issue 2001, pp. 54-78. Britain, India and the Diaspora *Negotiating British Muslim Identity. Muslim Identity in the 21st Century: Challenges of Modernity. Edited by M.S. Bahmanpour and H. Bashir Institute of Islamic Studies, 2000 *The Emergence of Socialist Thought Among North Indian Muslims, 1917 - 1947. Lahore, 1990 *Employment of Ethnic Minorities in Growth Industries in the Thames Valley, Employment Department, 1988 *Pan Islam and the Making of Early Muslim Socialists, Modern Asian Studies, vol 20, number 3, 1986 *Dainty, ARJ, Bagilhole, BM, Ansari, KH & Jackson, J (2004) Creating Equality in the Construction Industry: An Agenda for Change for Women and Ethnic Minorities, Journal of Construction Research, Vol.5, No.1, 75-86. *Dainty, ARJ, Bagilhole, BM, Ansari, KH & Jackson, J (2002) 'Diversification of the UK Construction Industry: A Framework For Change', ASCE Journal of Leadership and Management in Engineering *Managing Cultural Diversity at Work. Khizar Humayun Ansari and June Jackson Published in the UK, Kogan Page, 1995 Translated and published in Indonesia, Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1997 ==References== == External links == * Ansari's faculty page Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Academics of Royal Holloway, University of London Category:Alumni of the University of London Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire Category:People from Sukkur District Category:Pakistani emigrants to the United Kingdom Khizar Category:British people of Sindhi descent "
"Elizabeth Reid may refer to: * Elizabeth Anne Reid (born 1942), Australian development practitioner and academic * Elizabeth Jesser Reid (1789–1866), English social reformer, founder of Bedford College * Elizabeth Reid, Lady Hope (1842–1922), British evangelist * Elizabeth Reid (volleyball) (born 1989), British volleyball player ==See also== *Elizabeth Reed (disambiguation) "