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"Inspissation is the process of thickening by dehydration. ==Intentional use== Inspissation is the process used when heating high-protein containing media; for example to enable recovery of bacteria for testing. Once inspissation has occurred, any stained bacteria, such as Mycobacteria, can then be isolated. A Serum inspissation or Fractional sterilization is a process of heating an article on 3 successive days as follows: { ! Day !! Temperature !! Time !! Purpose - 1 85 °C 60 minutes Drying of the medium and killing the organisms in their vegetative form - Time in between overnight incubation Growth of vegetative forms from spores - 2 75 to 80 °C 20 minutes killing the organisms in their vegetative form - Time in between overnight incubation Growth of vegetative forms from any spores remaining - 3 75 to 85 °C 20 minutes killing the organisms in their vegetative form as well as the leftover spores } ==Pathologic inspissation== In cystic fibrosis, inspissation of secretions in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts is a major mechanism of causing the disease. ==ReferencesFurther reading== *Textbook of Microbiology by Prof. C P Baveja, *Textbook of Microbiology by Ananthanarayan and Panikar, Category:Microbiology Category:Zoology "
"The Algerian Communist Party (; ) was a communist party in Algeria. The PCA emerged in 1920 as an extension of the French Communist Party (PCF) and eventually became a separate entity in 1936. Despite this, it was recognized by the Comintern in 1935. Its first congress was in Algiers in July 1936, where it was the PCA's headquarter. In 1955 the party was banned by the French authorities. The party then oriented itself towards the national liberation movement. PCA obtained legal status in 1962 and in the same year it was banned and dissolved. The Algerian communists later regrouped as PAGS. The general secretaries of PCA were Benali Boukort from 1936 to 1939, Ouzegane during the underground central committee, Bouhali from 1947 to 1949 and Bachir Hadj Ali from 1949. == The PCA before the Algerian Independence war (1920–1954) == The PCA had at the beginning a lack of political sensibility with the colonized aspirations. This is attributed to the majority of its members (between 12,000 and 15,000) being Pieds-Noirs. The PCA supported the Blum–Viollette proposal and Setif´s repression of 1945. However, some Muslims were attracted to the PCA. Some of them were: Ben Ali Boukurt, Ahmed Akkache and the general secretary Bachir Hadj Ali. The PCA additionally had trouble gaining traction since it had lost most of its proletariat base. During the first world war, as France's men were mostly employed along the western front, tens of thousands of Algerians were displaced from the countryside and moved to France to take advantage of the labor shortage. A saying emerged that "l’Algerie est une societe dont le proletariat est en France." Essentially, Algeria's proletariat was in France. The First World War increased union membership leading to a doubling of Algiers Trade Union membership. This only continued as the ranks of displaced workers flooded Algeria's cities from the countryside. However, ties remained with the rural communities in which they had lived for generations. As these people joined the communist party, their networks allowed the party to expand into areas not typically considered its territory. Yet the division that dominated Algerian Society also affected the supposedly egalitarian Communist Party, the division of ethnicity effected the Algerian communist party as well. Additionally, since the party was so tied to France, there were different ideas about how to pursue the Comintern's call for peoples to free themselves around the world. A major part of the Algerian communist party believed that a revolution must take place in France first and then Algeria could have hers. Leon Trotsky, as well as many other notable internationalists called this a continuation of the slave mentality. == The PCA during the Algerian Independence war (1954–1962) == At the beginning of the Independence War, the PCA was damaged. The Muslim members wanted to join the nationalists, but not the Europeans. That ambiguity was due to the PCF's equivocal positions. In 1956 the Central Committee of the PCA voted to join the Revolution maintaining its independent internal administration. During the War, some members of the PCA distinguished themselves. Henri Maillot was killed while providing arms to the Nationalists and serving the Maquis Rouges. Henri Alleg and many others were arrested and tortured. He was the editor of the Alger Republicain. The PCA collaborated with the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), and the communists accused them of discrimination and purposefully placing them in more dangerous situations. == The PCA after the Algerian Independence war (1962–1966) == The PCA did not adopt a position in the postwar conflict between the Gouvernement provisional de la République algérienne (GPRA) and the Political Bureau. By 1962 the PCA and its newspaper al-Hurriya were suppressed and banned . At the beginning of Ben Bella´s government the Algerian communists still exercised influence through publications like the Révolution africaine. During the military coup of Boumediene in 1965 the remnants of the PCA were eliminated. Communists later reorganized during 1966 as the Parti de l´Avant-Garde Socialiste (PAGS). == Relation with the FLN == During the liberation war, in 1955 the PCA created combatant units called Combattants de la Libération. At 1956 the PCA and the FLN made an agreement in which it integrated the PCA combatant force to the National Liberation Army (ALN), separating from the leadership of the party that remained in Algiers. By 1962, after the independence war was over, Communist were attracting members to the party and publishing Alger Républicain. The FLN feared this and banned the PCA but tolerated the communists themselves. Ben Bella's constitution of 1963 put the FLN as the only legal party. A curious fact is that FLN took people from the PCA later to work on state, because they were prepared and educated. At 1965 some of the leaders of the PCA, with the left wing of the FLN created an Organization to combat the military coup of Boumediene, the Organization de la résistance populaire (OPR). == Relation with the PCF == PCA appeared at 1920 as an extension of the PCF. PCF was mainly French, European. PCA was against French domination, and it tried to be more Arab by his separation, at least in the wish. Comintern supported the anti-imperialist fights on that times. However, PCA followed the political leadership of the PCF, what it made turn back on the demands of independence. By 1939 both PCA and PCF were banned, damaging the space for communism. With the massacres of 1945 by the settlers, the PCA and PCF weren't quick to condemn the massacre. However, the fight against Fascism gave the PCF a good status. After the Second World War and the massacre, the PCA started a campaign against the state repression, because of nationalists in the party, sometimes radicalized. This made the PCA take politics more autonomous to the PCF. At the Cold War, the PCF put the focus on the North American imperialism while the PCA focused on the French imperialism. When the liberation war started, the PCA was banned again in 1955 and repressed. == Notable members of the PCA == *Henri Maillot *Baya Jurquet *Henri Alleg == References Bibliography == * Chiviges Naylor, P., Andrew Heggoy, A. Historical Dictionary of Algeria. Second Edition. 1994. The Scarecow Press Inc. Metuchen, N.J., & London. Consulted 15/03/2017. * Rahal, M. Impossible Opposition: The Magic of the One-Party Regime. 2013. Jadaliyya. Consulted 17/03/2017. Available Online: http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/14890/impossible-opposition_the-magic-of- the-one-party-r * Drew, A. We are no longer in France. Communists in colonial Algeria. 2014. Manchester University Press. Consulted 17/03/2017. Category:1920 establishments in Algeria Category:1964 disestablishments in Algeria Category:Algerian War Category:Banned communist parties Category:Banned political parties in Algeria Category:Communist parties in Algeria Category:Defunct political parties in Algeria Category:Political parties established in 1920 Category:Political parties disestablished in 1964 Category:Rebel groups in Algeria "
"Khotachiwadi Houses and Lanes. Khotachiwadi is a heritage village in Girgaon, Mumbai, India. Houses generally conform to the old-Portuguese style architecture. It was founded in the late 18th century by Khot, a Pathare prabhu, who sold plots of land to local East Indian families. There used to be 65 of these houses, now reduced to 28 as old buildings are being pulled down to make way for new skyscrapers. ==Architecture== Houses are made of wood, with a large open front verandah, a back courtyard and an external staircase to access the top bedroom. ==Residents== Most of the residents now descend from the original inhabitants of Mumbai. Recently Gujarathis, Marwadis have moved into the area. Majority are Maharashtrain Christians. ==References== *Aati kya Kotachiwadi?, Times News Network, pg 7, Times of India, 2005-05-27 *Minor Sights: Khotachiwadi Urban Village 2015-05-22 Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai Category:Villages in Mumbai City district "