"is a Japanese football player. She plays for AS Harima Albion. She played for Japan national team. ==Club career== Chiba was born in Osaka on June 15, 1993. After graduating from Himeji Hinomoto College, she joined AS Harima Albion based in Himeji in 2014. ==National team career== On June 2, 2016, Chiba debuted for Japan national team against United States. She played 5 games for Japan until 2017. ==National team statistics== List of match in 2016, 2017 at Japan Football Association { !colspan=3Japan national team - !Year!!Apps!!Goals - 201630 - 201720 - !Total50 } ==References*Japan Football Association *AS Harima Albion Category:1993 births Category:Living people Category:Association football people from Osaka Prefecture Category:Japanese women's footballers Category:Japan women's international footballers Category:Nadeshiko League players Category:AS Harima Albion players Category:Women's association football midfielders Category:Sportspeople from Osaka "

— Sonoko Chiba 🌺

"is a Japanese football player. She plays for Urawa Reds and Japan national team. ==Club career== Ikeda was born in Saitama on September 8, 1992. In 2011, she was promoted to Urawa Reds from youth team.Urawa Reds ==National team career== In 2008, Ikeda played for Japan U-17 national team at 2008 U-17 World Cup. In 2012, she also played for Japan U-20 national team at 2012 U-20 World Cup, and Japan won 3rd place.FIFA In 2017, she was selected Japan national team for 2017 Algarve Cup. At this competition, on March 6, she debuted against Norway. She was a member of Japan for 2018 Asian Cup and Japan won the championship. She played 14 games for Japan. ==National team statistics== List of match in 2017, 2018, 2019 at Japan Football Association { !colspan=3Japan national team - !Year!!Apps!!Goals - 201780 - 201860 - 201910 - !Total150 } ==References* *Japan Football Association Category:1992 births Category:Living people Category:Nippon Sport Science University alumni Category:Association football people from Saitama Prefecture Category:Japanese women's footballers Category:Japan women's international footballers Category:Nadeshiko League players Category:Urawa Red Diamonds Ladies players Category:Women's association football goalkeepers Category:Footballers at the 2018 Asian Games Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Japan Category:Asian Games medalists in football Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games Category:Universiade silver medalists for Japan Category:Universiade medalists in football Category:2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players Category:Medalists at the 2011 Summer Universiade "

— Sakiko Ikeda 🌺

"Combined hormonal contraception (CHC), or combined birth control, is a form of hormonal contraception which combines both an estrogen and a progestogen in varying formulations. The different types available include the pill, the patch and the vaginal ring, which are all widely available, and an injection, which is available in only some countries. They work by mainly suppressing luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and in turn preventing ovulation. The pill, patch, and vaginal ring are all about 93% effective with typical use. Beneficial health effects include reduced risks of ovarian, endometrial and colorectal cancers. CHC can also provide improved control of some menstrual problems. Adverse effects include a small but higher risk of venous thromboembolism, arterial thromboembolism, breast cancer and cervical cancer. ==Types== Microgynon - example of oral combined hormonal contraception Combined contraceptive patch NuvaRing - combined contraceptive vaginal ring Types of combined hormonal contraception include: Widely available * Combined oral contraceptive pill * Combined contraceptive patch * Combined contraceptive vaginal ring Available in only some countries * Combined injectable contraceptive,Hassan EO and El-Gibaly OM Combination injectable contraceptives for contraception : RHL commentary (last revised: 1 October 2009). The WHO Reproductive Health Library; Geneva: World Health Organization which is not available in the USA or UK. ==Medical use== Traditionally, to mimic a normal menstrual cycle, CHC is used for 21 consecutive days. For all of these methods (pill, patch, vaginal ring), these 21 days are typically followed by either 7 days of no use (for the pill, patch or vaginal ring) or 7 days of administration of placebo pills (for the pill only). During these 7 days, withdrawal bleeding occurs. For those individuals who do not desire withdrawal bleeding or require bleeding to be suppressed completely, medication regimens can be tailored to the individual with extended periods of use and infrequent hormone-free periods. The efficacy of CHC is the same whether these methods are used continuously or with a 7 day break to allow for withdrawal bleeding. ==Mechanism of action== Combined hormonal contraception works by acting on the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis to suppress luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and in turn prevent ovulation. The addition of progesterone contributes to the contraceptive effect by making changes to the cervical mucus, endometrium and tubal motility. ==Effectiveness== The pill, patch and ring have similar effectiveness and this depends largely on the woman using it in the prescribed way. Other factors affecting effectiveness include drug interactions, malabsorption and body weight. ==Adverse effects== Although the risk of venous thromboembolism, arterial thromboembolism, breast cancer and cervical cancer in CHC users is small, all CHCs are associated with higher risks of these compared to no use. Given that the vast majority of the studies evaluating these associations have been observational studies, causation between CHC use and these conditions is unable to be determined. All CHCs are associated with an increased incidence of venous and arterial thromboembolism. However, those containing higher doses of estrogen are associated with an increase in venous and arterial thromboembolism.WHO Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use (2015) p.121-132 In addition, some formulations of progesterone, including gestodene, desogestrel, cyproterone acetate and drospirenone, in combination with estrogen, have been associated with higher rates of venous thromboembolism compared to formulations containing a type of progesterone called levonorgestrel. Other adverse effects include nausea, headaches, breast pain, skin pigmentation, irregular menstrual bleeding, absent periods and irritation from contact lenses. Changes in libido and mood, decline of liver function and raised blood pressure may also occur. ==Drug interactionsLiver enzyme inducing drugs=== Medications that induce liver enzymes increase the metabolism of oestradiol and progestogens and subsequently may reduce the effectiveness of CHC. The advice on CHC also depends on whether the liver inducing drug is used short term, for less than two months, or long term, for more than two months. ===Ulipristal acetate (ellaOne)=== Should a woman have taken ulipristal acetate (ellaOne) for emergency contraception, restarting CHC may reduce ellaOne's effectiveness, hence advice is to wait five days before commencing CHC. ===Antibiotics=== Extra contraceptive precautions are not necessary when using CHC in combination with antibiotics that do not induce liver enzymes, unless the antibiotics cause vomiting and/or diarrhoea. ===Antiepileptics=== Medications used in the treatment of epilepsy can interact with the combined pill, patch or vaginal ring, resulting in both pregnancy and shift in seizure threshold. Lamotrigine Based on a study of 16 women using oral CHC 30 μg ethinyloestradiol/150 μg levonorgestrel and anti-epileptic drug lamotrigine for 6 weeks, it was revealed that the contraceptive effectiveness could be lowered, despite lamotrigine not being an enzyme inducer. An assessment of risks versus benefits of CHC is recommended in women on lamotrigine who are considering CHC, as the seizure threshold in someone on lamotrigine may be lowered by the oestrogen in CHC. In a similar mechanism, stopping CHC in a woman on lamotrigine can cause lamotrigine toxicity. Long-acting reversible contraception instead may be preferable. ==Incorrect usage== If pills are missed or the ring or patch used incorrectly, the chance of pregnancy is increased. In the UK, the Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare issue guidance for incorrectly used CHC pills, patches and rings. ==Special populations== Following childbirth, the use of CHC depends on factors such as whether the woman is breastfeeding and whether she has other medical conditions including superficial venous thrombosis and dyslipidaemia.WHO Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use (2015) p. 7 ===Age=== When considering CHC use by age only, use is unrestricted between menarche and age 40, and can be generally used after age 40. ===Breastfeeding=== CHC should not be used by breastfeeding women in the first six weeks after delivery and are generally not recommended in the first six months after delivery if still breastfeeding. After six months, breastfeeding women may use CHC.WHO Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use (2015) p. 28 ==Health benefits== CHCs may reduce the risk of ovarian, endometrial and colorectal cancer. Other possible benefits include regular and reduced menstrual bleeding, less pain, and control of premenstrual syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis symptoms. ==Epidemiology== In the UK, one survey demonstrated that in 2010–2012, more than 33% of women aged 16–44 years had used oral contraception in the previous year and that it was mostly the combined type. ==History== CHC has been used worldwide for more than 60 years, with the first clinical trials on oral CHC beginning in 1956. The combined injectable contraceptive was developed in 1963 and by 1976, two types of these were in use. The study of CHC vaginal rings began in the early 1970s and the NuvaRing first became available in 2009. In 2003, the contraceptive patch became available, requiring re-application of a new one every week for three weeks, followed by one week without a patch. ==See also== * Progestogen-only contraception ==ReferencesFurther reading== *Skin patch or vaginal ring compared to pills for birth control, Cochrane review (2013) Category:Hormonal contraception Category:Family planning "

— Combined hormonal contraception 🌺