"Vicia is a genus of about 140 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family (Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some other genera of their subfamily Faboideae also have names containing "vetch", for example the vetchlings (Lathyrus) or the milk-vetches (Astragalus). The broad bean (Vicia faba) is sometimes separated in a monotypic genus Faba; although not often used today, it is of historical importance in plant taxonomy as the namesake of the order Fabales, the Fabaceae and the Faboideae. The tribe Vicieae in which the vetches are placed is named after the genus' current name. Among the closest living relatives of vetches are the lentils (Lens) and the true peas (Pisum). ==Use by humans== Bitter vetch (V. ervilia) was one of the first domesticated crops. It was grown in the Near East about 9,500 years ago, starting perhaps even one or two millennia earlier during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A. By the time of the Central European Linear Pottery culture – about 7,000 years ago – broad bean (V. faba) had also been domesticated. Vetch has been found at Neolithic and Eneolithic sites in Bulgaria, Hungary and Slovakia. And at the same time, at the opposite end of Eurasia, the Hoabinhian people also utilized the broad bean in their path towards agriculture, as shown by the seeds found in Spirit Cave, Thailand. Bernard of Clairvaux shared a bread-of-vetch meal with his monks during the famine of 1124 to 1126, as an emblem of humility. However, Bitter Vetch largely was dropped from human use over time. It was only used to save as a crop of last resort in times of starvation: vetches "featured in the frugal diet of the poor until the eighteenth century, and even reappeared on the black market in the South of France during the Second World War", Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, of Marseillais background, has remarked. However, broad beans remained prominent. In the Near East the seeds are mentioned in Hittite and Ancient Egyptian sources dating from more than 3,000 years ago as well as in the Christian Bible, and in the large Celtic Oppidum of Manching from the La Tène culture in Europe some 2,200 years ago. Dishes resembling ful medames are attested in the Jerusalem Talmud which was compiled before 400 AD. Worldwide vetch yield V. pannonica) is often grown for forage. In our time, the common vetch (V. sativa) has also risen to prominence. Together with broad bean cultivars such as horse bean or field bean, the FAO includes it among the 11 most important pulses in the world. The main usage of the common vetch is as forage for ruminant animals, both as fodder and legume, but there are other uses, as tufted vetch, V. cracca is grown as a mid-summer pollen source for honeybees. In 2017, global production of vetches was 920,537 tonnes.Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. That year, 560,077 acreas were devoted to the cultivation of vetches in the world. Over 54% of that output came from Europe alone. Africa (17.8% of world total), Asia (15.6% of world total), Americas (10.6% of world total) and Oceania (1.8% of world total).[14] The bitter vetch, too, is grown extensively for forage and fodder, as are hairy vetch (V. villosa, also called fodder vetch), bard vetch (V. articulata), French vetch (V. serratifolia) and Narbon bean (V. narbonensis). V. benghalensis and Hungarian vetch (V. pannonica) are cultivated for forage and green manure. 4-Chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA), a phytohormone found in several vetches The vetches also have a broad variety of other purposes. The Hairy Vetch has well-established uses as a green manure and as an allelopathic cover crop. As regards the broad bean, it is known to accumulate aluminum in its tissue; in polluted soils it may be useful in phytoremediation, but with one per mil of aluminum in the dry plant (possibly more in the seeds), it might not be edible anymore. The robust plants are useful as a beetle bank to provide habitat and shelter for carnivorous beetles and other arthropods to keep down pest invertebrates. When the root nodules of broad bean are inoculated with the rhodospirillacean bacterium Azospirillum brasilense and the glomeracean fungus Glomus clarum, the species can also be productively grown in salty soils. In the 1980s, the auxin 4-Cl-IAA was studied in V. amurensis and the broad bean, and since 1990, the antibacterial γ-thionins fabatin-1 and -2 have been isolated from the latter species. Despite a small chromosome count of n=6, the broad bean has a high DNA content, making it easy for a micronucleus test of its root tips to recognize genotoxic compounds. A lectin from V. graminea is used to test for the medically significant N blood group. ==Toxicity== Leucoagglutinin, a toxic phytohemagglutinin found in raw Vicia faba The vetches grown as forage are generally toxic to non-ruminants (such as humans), at least if eaten in quantity. Cattle and horses have been poisoned by V. villosa and V. benghalensis, two species that contain canavanine in their seeds. Canavanine, a toxic analogue of the amino acid arginine, has been identified in Hairy Vetch as an appetite suppressant for monogastric animals, while Narbon bean contains the quicker-acting but weaker γ-glutamyl-S-ethenylcysteine. In common vetch, γ-glutamyl-β-cyanoalanine has been found. The active part of this molecule is β-cyanoalanine. It inhibits the conversion of the sulfur amino acid methionine to cysteine. Cystathionine, an intermediary product of this biochemical pathway, is secreted in urine. This process can effectively lead to the depletion of vital protective reserves of the sulfur amino acid cysteine and thereby making Vicia sativa seed a dangerous component in mixture with other toxin sources. The Spanish pulse mix ' contains common vetch and bitter vetch in addition to vetchling (Lathyrus cicera) seeds; it can be fed in small quantities to ruminants, but its use as a staple food will cause lathyrism even in these animals. Moreover, common vetch as well as broad bean – and probably other species of Vicia too – contain oxidants like convicine, isouramil, divicine and vicine in quantities sufficient to lower glutathione levels in G6PD-deficient persons to cause favism disease. At least broad beans also contain the lectin phytohemagglutinin and are somewhat poisonous if eaten raw. Split common vetch seeds resemble split red lentils (Lens culinaris), and has been occasionally mislabelled as such by exporters or importers to be sold for human consumption. In some countries where lentils are highly popular – e.g., Bangladesh, Egypt, India and Pakistan – import bans on suspect produce have been established to prevent these potentially harmful scams. ==Ecology== V. nigricans) help to distinguish it from other species. Vetches have cylindrical root nodules of the indeterminate type and are thus nitrogen- fixing plants. Their flowers usually have white to purple or blue hues, but may be red or yellow; they are pollinated by bumblebees, honey bees, solitary bees and other insects. Vicia species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of some butterflies and moths, such as: * Coleophora cracella – only found on Vicia species * Coleophora fuscicornis – only found on smooth tare (V. tetrasperma) * Paratalanta pandalis – recorded on bush vetch (V. sepium) * Chionodes lugubrella – recorded on tufted vetch (V. cracca) * Lime- speck pug (Eupithecia centaureata) – recorded on tufted vetch (V. cracca) * Double-striped pug (Gymnoscelis rufifasciata) – recorded on broad bean (V. faba) * Provençal short-tailed blue (Everes alcetas) * Amanda's blue (Polyommatus amandus) – only found on Vicia species * The flame (Axylia putris) * Blackneck (Lygephila pastinum) – recorded on tufted vetch (V. cracca) * Angle shades (Phlogophora meticulosa) * Colias species, e.g., Clouded sulphur (C. philodice) * Wood white (Leptidea sinapis) * Pea moth (Cydia nigricana) Most other parasites and plant pathogens affecting vetches have been recorded on the broad bean, the most widely cultivated and economically significant species. They include the mite Balaustium vignae whose adults are found on broad bean, the potexviruses Alternanthera mosaic virus, clover yellow mosaic virus and white clover mosaic virus, and several other virus species such as Bidens mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, Vicia cryptic virus and Vicia faba endornavirus. ==Selected species== Vicia amoena V. cassubica) Vicia grandiflora V. pisiformis) Vicia tenuifolia ssp. dalmatica * Vicia americana – American vetch, purple vetch, mat vetch * Vicia amoena * Vicia amurensis Oett. (= V. japonica sensu auct non A.Gray) * Vicia andicola Kunth * Vicia articulata Hornem. – bard vetch * Vicia bakeri Ali (= V. sylvatica Benth.) * Vicia basaltica Plitmann * Vicia benghalensis L. * Vicia biennis L. * Vicia bithynica (L.) L. – Bithynian vetch * Vicia bungei Ohwi * Vicia canescens Labill. * Vicia cappadocica Boiss. & Balansa * Vicia caroliniana Walter – Carolina wood vetch * Vicia cassubica L. – Kashubian vetch * Vicia cracca – tufted vetch * Vicia cuspidata Boiss. * Vicia cusnae * Vicia cypria Unger & Kotschy * Vicia disperma DC. (= V. parviflora Loisel.) * Vicia dumetorum L. * Vicia ervilia – bitter vetch * Vicia esdraelonensis Warb. & Eig * Vicia faba – fava bean, broad bean, faba bean, horse bean, field bean, bell bean, tic bean * Vicia galeata Boiss. * Vicia galilaea Plitmann & Zohary * Vicia gigantea Bunge * Vicia graminea Sm. * Vicia grandiflora Scop. (= V. kitaibeliana) * Vicia hassei S.Watson * Vicia hirsuta – hairy tare * Vicia hololasia Woronow * Vicia hulensis Plitmann * Vicia hybrida L. * Vicia japonica A.Gray * Vicia lathyroides – spring vetch * Vicia lilacina Ledeb. * Vicia linearifolia Hook. & Arn. (= V. parviflora Hook. & Arn.) * Vicia loiseleurii (M.Bieb.) Litv. (= V. pubescens sensu auct. fl. Cauc.) * Vicia lutea – yellow vetch * Vicia menziesii Spreng. – Hawaiian vetch * Vicia minutiflora F.G. Dietr. – pygmyflower vetch * Vicia monantha Retz. – single- flowered vetch * Vicia narbonensis L. – Narbon bean, moor's pea (= V. serratifolia sensu auct. non Jacq.) * Vicia nigricans – black vetch ** Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea (= V. gigantea Hook.) – giant vetch * Vicia onobrychioides L. * Vicia oroboides Wulfen * Vicia orobus DC. – upright vetch, wood bitter-vetch * Vicia palaestina Boiss. * Vicia pannonica – Hungarian vetch * Vicia parviflora Cav. – slender vetch, slender tare (= V. tenuissima) * Vicia peregrina L. * Vicia pisiformis L. – pea-flowered vetch * Vicia pseudo-orobus Fisch. & C. A. Mey. * Vicia pubescens (DC.) Link * Vicia pyrenaica * Vicia sativa – common vetch, narrow-leaved vetch, tare * Vicia sepium – bush vetch * Vicia sericocarpa Fenzl * Vicia serratifolia Jacq. – French vetch (formerly in V. narbonensis) * Vicia sylvatica L. – wood vetch * Vicia tenuifolia Roth. – fine-leaved vetch ** Vicia tenuifolia ssp. dalmatica (A.Kern.) Greuter (= V. dalmatica, V. tenuifolia sensu auct. non Roth.) * Vicia tetrasperma – smooth tare, smooth vetch * Vicia tsydenii Malyschev * Vicia unijuga A.Br. * Vicia villosa – hairy vetch, fodder vetch, winter vetch Plants formerly placed in Vicia include: * Lens nigricans (as V. nigricans (M.Bieb.) Janka) ==Etymology== Vicia means ‘binder’ in Latin; this was the name used by Pliny for vetch.Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. (hardback), (paperback). pp 401 The vetch is also referenced by Horace in his account of 'The town mouse and country mouse' as 'ervo' (ervum,i - neut)Satires II.6, 117 This is said to be a source of comfort for the country mouse after a disturbing insight into urban life. ==Notes== ==References== ==External links and further reading== * * Vicia plant profiles, United States Department of Agriculture * Mansfeld's database for cultivated plants (search for Vicia, 17 cultivated taxa listed) * FAO's Neglected crops: 1492 from a different perspective 26: Grain legumes for animal feed * Category:Fabeae Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus "

— Vicia 🎄

"Mount Hutton is a suburb of the City of Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia, located from Newcastle's central business district on the eastern side of Lake Macquarie. It is part of the City of Lake Macquarie North Ward. During the mid 2010s, the suburbs experienced an increase in new home construction, partly due to the suburb's proximity to the Charlestown metropolitan hub. The Lake Macquarie Fair shopping centre is one of the features of the suburb. ==References== ==External links== * History of Mount Hutton (Lake Macquarie City Library) Category:Suburbs of Lake Macquarie "

— Mount Hutton, New South Wales 🎄

"Townsend Harris in later life Townsend Harris (October 4, 1804 – February 25, 1878) was an American merchant and minor politician, and the first United States Consul General to Japan. He negotiated the "Harris Treaty" between the US and Japan and is credited as the diplomat who first opened Shogunate Japan to foreign trade and culture in the Edo period. ==In New York== Harris was born in the village of Sandy Hill (now Hudson Falls), in Washington County in upstate New York. He moved early to New York City, where he became a successful merchant and importer from China. In 1846 Harris joined the New York City Board of Education, serving as its president until 1848. He was an avid and critical reader and also taught himself French, Italian and Spanish. He founded the Free Academy of the City of New York, which later became the City College of New York, to provide education to the city's working people. A city high school bearing Harris's name, Townsend Harris High School, soon emerged as a separate entity out of the Free Academy's secondary-level curriculum; the school survived until 1942 when Fiorello La Guardia closed it because of budget constraints. Townsend Harris High School was re-created in 1984 as a public magnet school for the humanities. == Harris Treaty of 1856 with Siam == Harris, though anxious to get to his new post in Japan, went first to Bangkok, to update the 1833 Roberts Treaty. In his formal audience with the English-speaking and Western-oriented Second King, Phra Pin Klao, Harris stated America's position: > The United States does not hold any possessions in the East, nor does it > desire any. The form of government forbids the holding of colonies. The > United States, therefore, cannot be an object of jealousy to any Eastern > Power. Peaceful commercial relations, which give as well as receive > benefits, is what the President wishes to establish with Siam, and such is > the object of my mission. Finalization of the Bowring Treaty of 1855 delayed Harris for about a month, but he had only to negotiate minor points to transform it into the Harris Treaty of 1856. Re-designated the Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, the amendments granted Americans extraterritorial rights in addition to those in the Roberts Treaty. American missionary Stephen Matoon, who had acted as translator, was appointed the first United States consul to Siam.Dennett, Tyler (1922). Americans in Eastern Asia: a critical study of United States' policy in the Far East in the nineteenth century, pp. 347–366. == In Japan == Townsend Harris had the US Legation relocate at the Zenpuku-ji Temple from 1859, following the Treaty of Amity and Commerce. Townsend Harris monument in Zenpuku-ji. President Franklin Pierce named Harris the first Consul General to Tokugawa Japan"Townsend Harris: America's First Consul to Japan" -- biography by the Consulate General of Japan in New York in July 1856, where he opened the first US Consulate at the Gyokusen-ji Temple in the city of Shimoda, Shizuoka Prefecture,Japanese Delegation Visits CCNY July 24 2006 to honor founder Townsend Harris: Visit Coincides With 150th Anniversary of Harris' Appointment as First US Consul to Japan some time after Commodore Matthew Perry had first opened trade between the US and Japan in 1854. Harris demanded the courtesies due to an accredited envoy and refused to deliver his president's letter to anyone but the Shogun in Edo, and to him personally. After prolonged negotiations lasting 18 months, Harris finally received a personal audience with the Shogun in the palace. After another four months, he successfully negotiated the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, or the "Harris Treaty of 1858," securing trade between the US and Japan and paving the way for greater Western influence in Japan's economy and politics. Harris served during the first Japanese Embassy to the United States, during which a false report reached the US of his death. Harris returned home in 1861. Upon his departure, senior Japanese diplomat Moriyama wrote to him "You have been more than a friend. You have been our benefactor and teacher. Your spirit and memory will live forever in the history of Japan." Harris was favorably impressed by his experiences in Japan at the end of its self-imposed period of isolation. He wrote: "The people all appeared clean and well-fed... well clad and happy looking. It is more like the golden age of simplicity and honesty than I have ever seen in any other country".Quoted in Perrin, p.90 According to a persistent legend, Harris adopted a 17-year-old geisha known as , whose real name was . The legend has it that she was heavily pressured into the relationship by Japanese authorities and then ostracized after Harris' departure, eventually committing suicide in 1892.http://www.cis.doshisha.ac.jp/kkitao/Japan/shimoda/s1.htm However, it appears that Okichi was merely one of Harris' housekeepers, and the Kodansha Encyclopedia states that Harris fired her after just three days of work. ==Aftermath== As reported in The New York Times, when he was interviewed in 1874 by the author William Elliot Griffis who had recently returned from Japan, his first question was, "What do the Japanese think of me?"Griffis, William. (December 28, 1919). "Townsend Harris, Center of Japanese Drama; Adventures of First American Envoy to Mikado's Empire Furnish the Basis of a Play by a Native Writer, and Tokio Is Applauding the Stars and Stripes", New York Times. Masao Miyoshi asserts in his book As We Saw Them: The First Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860) that the restrictive lifestyle for Townsend Harris as ambassador in Japan "had forever molded the opener of Japan into a hermit" for the rest of his life while in New York City.Miyoshi, Masao. As We Saw Them: The First Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860). University of California Press (1979), p. 173. Harris is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. In 1986, the nation of Japan presented a gift of a refurbished gravesite including paving stones, a stone lantern, a cherry tree, a dogwood tree, and two commemorative stones, in commemoration of the continuing respect and affection of the Japanese people for Harris. ==Portrayal in fiction== Harris was portrayed by John Wayne in the 1958 movie The Barbarian and the Geisha, directed by John Huston. Although the primary plot, dealing with Harris' attempt diplomatically to achieve détente between the U.S. and Japan, is essentially accurate, the subplot dealing with the love affair between Harris and Okichi is substantially fictionalFalk, Ray (January 12, 1958). "Shooting a 'Barbarian'; Townsend Harris Biography Is Filmed At Authentic Japanese Locales", New York Times. ==See also== * Hotta Masayoshi * List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868 * Sakoku ==Notes== ==References== * Cosenza, Mario Emilio. (1930). The Complete Journal of Townsend Harris, First American Consul General and Minister to Japan. New York: Doubleday. Reprinted by Kessinger Publishing Company, Whitefish, Montana, 2007. . * Dulles, Foster Rhea. Yankees and Samurai: America's Role in the Emergence of Modern Japan, 1791–1900. New York: Harper & Row, 1965. * Griffis, William Elliot (1895). Townsend Harris, First American Envoy in Japan. New York: Houghton, Mifflin, and Company. A full-text copy of this book. * Perrin, Noel (1979). Giving up the gun. Boston: David R. Godine. . == External links == * Selected comments from Harris's conversation with Bakufu Grand Councillor Hotta Masayoshi on December 12, 1857 * "Adrift at Shimoda". Letter from Harris to U.S. Secretary of State Lewis Cass, September 11, 1858. Category:19th-century American diplomats Category:City College of New York people Category:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery Category:1804 births Category:1878 deaths Category:People from Hudson Falls, New York "

— Townsend Harris 🎄